Based on the variety of studies to date, multilingual people may have an advantage over their monolingual counterparts in cognitive skills, learning, and memory among others. --World Language Framework Chapter 9 Proficiency levels.

The American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL) has developed quite possibly the most widely used model for determining language proficiency. That proficiency model is far and wide considered the Gold Standard and continues to be in use today. Typically it is represented with an inverted pyramid and includes four specific ranges and  and three phases within each range. The four ranges are 1. Novice 2. Intermediate 3. Advanced and 4. Superior. The phases within each range are A. Low, B. Mid, C. High.

1. Novice

A. Low
B. Mid
C. High

2. Intermediate

D. Low
E. Mid
F. High 

3. Advanced

G. Low
H. Mid
I. High

 4. Superior

J. Low
K. Mid
L. High

These twelve categories are then expanded to include four modes of communication - Reading, Writing, Speaking, and Listening. So invariably, when you are measuring a proficiency level, people will have variation throughout their learning profile. Invariably you would see proficiency scales that would ultimately look like.

Framework and standards directly related to proficiency Levels:

• Framework Appendix 1
• Framework Appendix 2
• Framework Chapter 9
• Standards appendix 3  

Additional related materials for proficiency levels: 

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